"Hyoid bone syndrome: A degenerative injury of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle with photomicroscopic evidence of insertion tendinosis". Its role in Hyoid bone syndrome: Ernest, Edwin A.The muscle is described as having two main parts, thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus, which originate from the oblique line of the thyroid lamina and lateral aspect of the cricoid cartilage respectively. "Botulinum Neurotoxin for Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscle Spasm in Tracheoesophageal Voice Restoration". The inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle is one of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles. Its role in speech: Hamaker, Ronald C."Respiratory-related activation and mechanical effects of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles". "Adaptation in the function of pharyngeal constrictor muscles". ^ Rowe LD, Miller AJ, Chierici G, Clendenning D (August 1984).Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42th ed.). ^ a b c d e f g Standring, Susan (2020).They also have respiratory mechanical effects. The muscle contracts during swallowing: as soon as the bolus of food is received in the pharynx, the elevator muscles relax, the pharynx descends, and the constrictors contract upon the bolus, and convey it downward towards the esophagus. The cricopharyngeal muscle (CPM) is the most definitive component of this sphincter 1. Introduction The upper esophageal sphincter is a high-pressure zone that separates the pharynx from the esophagus. The contraction of the muscle constricts the middle portion of the pharynx. The RLN, EBSLN, or both of the nerves innervate the 90, 75, and 70 of the CPMs ipsilaterally, respectively. Similarly to the superior and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles, it is innervated by a branch of the vagus nerve through the pharyngeal plexus. The muscle inserts (posteriorly) into the pharyngeal raphe, blending with its contralateral partner at the midline. The chondropharyngeal part represents the muscle's anterior origin. Chondropharyngeal part - arises from the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone, and (the inferior portion of) the stylohyoid ligament.Ceratopharyngeal part - arises (the entire superior margin of) the greater cornu of the hyoid bone.Two parts of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle are distinguished according to its sites of origin: The muscle's fibers diverge from their origin: the more inferior fibres descend deep to the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle the middle portion of fibres pass transversely the more superior fibers ascend and overlap the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. The middle pharyngeal constrictor is a sheet-like, fan-shaped muscle. It acts to propel a bolus downwards along the pharynx towards the esophagus, facilitating swallowing. It is innervated by a branch of the vagus nerve through the pharyngeal plexus. The middle pharyngeal constrictor originates from the greater cornu and lesser cornu of the hyoid bone, and the stylohyoid ligament. It is smaller than the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. Both parts of the muscle are innervated by branches of vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus of nerves. It is one of three pharyngeal constrictor muscles. The pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve via the pharyngeal plexus supplies the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle.The middle pharyngeal constrictor is a fan-shaped muscle located in the neck. The constrictors contract upon the bolus and transmit it down inside the esophagus.Immediately, the bolus of food is attached in the pharynx: The stylopharyngeus muscle separated its lower margin from the middle constrictor.Below the base of the skull, a crescent gap occurs above the muscle in which the auditory tube and the levator as well as tensor veli palatini muscles arise.The pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve arises prior to the. It is formed by the pharyngeal branches from the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves and the cervical sympathetic 3-7. The highest fibres are attached to the pharyngeal tubercle of the occipital bone and the lowest fibres are covered from the middle constrictor. The pharyngeal plexus sends some branches between the middle and inferior constrictors and other branches between the superior and middle constrictors 4,6.The muscular fibres spread out backwards, and are attached into a raphe outspreading down the posterior wall of the pharynx within the median plane, for the most part.Glossopharyngeus part – From the mucous membrane of the Hoor of the mouth.Mylopharyngeus part – From the mylohyoid line of the mandible.Buccopharyngeus part – From the pterygomandibular raphe.Pterygopharyngeus part – From the inferior half of the posterior border of the medial lamina of the pterygoid process.superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle arises continuously:
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